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In 1328, Charles IV of France died without a male heir. Queen Isabella made a claim to the throne of France on behalf of her son Edward, on the grounds that he was a matrilineal grandson of Philip IV of France. However, the precedents set by Philip V's succession over his niece Joan II of Navarre and Charles IV's succession over his nieces meant that the senior grandson of Philip III in the male line, Phillip of Valois, became king. Not yet in power, Edward paid homage to Phillip as Duke of Aquitaine. The House of Plantagenet that ruled England from 1154 to 1485, had fourteen kings from the Lancaster House and the House of York.
Descendants of Edward III
The early Plantagenet kings struggled for power with the Roman Catholic Church and the English nobles. By the time of King John’s reign, a group of powerful men known as barons had joined together to try to limit the king’s power and to make him rule according to law. In 1215 they forced him to sign a document called the Magna Carta (or “Great Charter”). This limited the rights of the king and protected the rights of his subjects. However he died unexpectedly while his heir was a baby.
Descendants of Edward III of England
In the 15th century Henry VI was actually crowned king of the French in Paris. The family maintained close links with the Holy Land through the crusades. Only after 200 years did English become the official language of law and parliament, and even by the time of Geoffrey Chaucer, most sophisticated courtiers still spoke and corresponded in French. Fourteen kings of England belonged to the royal house of Plantagenet.
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He was the last English king to reign over Anjou, which he lost in the early 1200s. The House of Plantagenet was a royal dynasty that ruled England for 331 years, from 1154 to 1485. The dynasty is also known as the House of Anjou or the Angevin dynasty. It was originally a noble family from northwest France. Some historians believe that the Plantagenet dynasty ended with Richard II’s death in 1400 and that it was followed by the Houses of Lancaster and York. However, York and Lancaster were both branches of the Plantagenet family tree.
His throne passed to two of his sons, Richard I and John, and despite the disastrous reign of the latter, the Plantagenets retained their power. Henry III would oversee rapid changes in administration in England while his son, Edward I, was a celebrated soldier king whose Crusades were as famous as his battles against the Welsh and Scots. The longest reigning royal house in English history took the throne in October 1154 with the accession of Henry II after a long battle for power with his cousin, King Stephen. Henry soon consolidated his power and began the process of building an empire that would stretch across Europe.
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Edward III’s numerous children and their marriages greatly affected English history. Edward’s heir, the “Black Prince,” left an only son, who succeeded his grandfather as Richard II, on whose death (1399) this line became extinct. Lionel, the next surviving son of Edward III, left an only child, Philippa, who married the earl of March, in whose heirs was the right to the succession. The rivalry between the House of Plantagenet's two cadet branches of York and Lancaster brought about the Wars of the Roses, a decades-long fight for the English succession. It culminated in the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, when the reign of the Plantagenets and the English Middle Ages both met their end with the death of King Richard III.
Henry V
Henry VII, a Lancastrian, became king of England; five months later he married Elizabeth of York, thus ending the Wars of the Roses and giving rise to the Tudor dynasty. The Tudors worked to centralise English royal power, which allowed them to avoid some of the problems that had plagued the last Plantagenet rulers. After Edward’s death, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, shunted aside his nephew who could rightfully claim the throne as Edward V, and gained the ire of many Yorkists when he was crowned King Richard III. Disaffected Yorkists, previously defeated Lancastrians, and French allies threw their support to Henry Tudor, who defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 and was proclaimed King Henry VII.
It was possibly a nickname that came from the Latin name for a plant (planta genista) that Henry’s father, Geoffrey of Anjou, wore in his cap. The Black Death contribued to changes in the way that society ws structured. It triggered events that, along with Poll Taxes, caused the Peasants Revolt.
They were considered the True English kings and not the French Kings. His father was Geoffrey, Count of Anjou and her mother was Empress Matilda, daughter of King Henry I. Geoffrey owned very vast land in Anjou that was as big as Normandy. The surname Plantagenet was obtained from Geoffrey as he wore the Sprig of blossom or say Planta Genista in his helmet. Bolingbroke quickly raised troops and invaded England, landing to a hero’s welcome in June 1399.
The minority rule of Henry VI saw leading nobles ruling. He was not a strong figure and court began to disintegrate as factions squabbled. Henry’s rule was then briefly reinstated as the War of the Roses swung in favour of the House of Lancaster. Edward IV returned though, defeating Henry’s forces, organised by his wife, Margaret of Anjou and the Earl of Warwick and regaining the throne. Henry II became king following the death of King Stephen.
This was an extraordinary grant, since they were not descended from the English royal family. John declared that he had been forced to sign the Magna Carta against his will and he tried to gather support from France to fight the barons. He died before he could carry this out, leaving his crown to his nine-year-old son, Henry. The first Plantagenet king was Henry II, who was crowned in 1154.
Richard II made his uncle (Edward III's fourth son) Edmund the first duke of York in 1385. Edmund was married to Isabella, a daughter of King Peter of Castile and María de Padilla and the sister of Constance of Castile, who was the second wife of Edmund's brother John of Gaunt. The younger, Richard, became involved in the Southampton Plot, a conspiracy to depose Henry V in favour of Richard's brother-in-law Edmund Mortimer.
A huge, powerful and richest family of Europe that ruled England for over 300 years are “The Plantagenets”. The king had already exiled John’s eldest son, Henry Bolingbroke, in one of his paranoia driven purges the previous year. However, his decision to seize the huge inheritance which now belonged to Henry proved to be a fatal mistake. In other words, there’s a pretty good chance that you are, on some level, a Plantagenet. Under Edward I (ruled 1272–1307) Parliament developed into a body of men who had to approve all the laws that the king made. The men who made up Parliament were noblemen and church leaders.
The following year, Henry married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV, uniting York and Lancaster and establishing the House of Tudor, which ruled England until 1603. Both houses asserted rights to the throne due to their descent from King Edward III, and the resulting sporadic Wars of the Roses lasted more than 30 years. The wars are named in reference to the symbols of the rival houses, the White Rose of the Yorkists and the red rose of the Lancastrians. The first battle at St. Albans resulted in a Yorkist victory and actually shocked both sides. Efforts to restore order resulted in four years of uneasy peace; however, the seesaw conflict resumed in 1459, and both sides claimed victories on the battlefield.
Henry III (ruled 1216–72) spent a large part of his reign fighting the barons. They disliked the fact that the king had chosen many foreigners to be his close advisers. In 1264 the barons staged a rebellion, under the leadership of Simon de Montfort, but this was crushed the following year. Richard I (ruled 1189–99) was the next Plantagenet king. The Crusades were efforts by Christians from Europe to gain control of Jerusalem and other parts of the Middle East that were known as the Holy Land.
The Plantagenet dynasty ruled England for longer than any other house. Government saw many changes and many of the checks and balances that exist today originate from the Plantagenet era. Warfare changed, as a result of the Crusades and European Wars that England was involved in. The relationship between the different kingdoms of the British Isles also altered.
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